On the base of the 3D seismic profile interpretations, combined with the previous findings, geometry and tectonic evolution across and along the Laojunmiao break-thrust belt in the northern margin of the Northern Qilian belt are deciphered. The Laojunmiao belt is a bi-layer thrust system, consisting of a trishear faultpropagation fold system in the upper part, wedge-shaped thrust in the lower part. The Laojunmiao thrust system is linked with the NE-SW striking-slip 134 fault in the western segment, which forms a unified system of fracture on the Laojunmiao belt. Thrusting sheet above the hanging wall of the 134-Laojunmiao fault system is folded under nearly E-S compressive stress field, which results in the N-S striking folding to superpose on the Cenozoic bedding.

The heavy mineral assemblages and detrital rutile geochemistry of Cenozoic sandstone at Kekeya profile near the western Kunlun Orogenic belt were analyzed. Two mineral sections were identified based on the contents and features of the heavy mineral assemblages: stable and unstable heavy mineral segment, which were divided by the bottom of Atushi group (N2a). These implied a rapid uplift in the western Kunlun in the Pliocene. The content of detrital rutile derived from metapelitic decreased, while that derived from metamafic increased with rising of the profile. This result suggests that basement rocks were denudated and deposited due to rapid uplift and erosion. The metamorphic stages of detrital rutile were mainly amphibolite/elogite and granulite facies, which may result from a differential uplifting of the Western Kunlun. Since Oligocene, the west part is higher than the eastern part and becomes the main provenance area.

Based on the strain softening theory, the authors present a simulation of the development from localized ductile zone to crenulation cleavage in specimen which can be used to verify the theory of MEMC. With the FLAC^3D, the rock specimen with the shape parameters and the stress of loading rate ruled by corresponding standard regulations were designed. The numerical simulation of the forming process of the localized shear belts under the uniaxial compression shows that the conjugate angle of the shear belt is 107.7° after strain softening, verifying the MEMC and explaining the random behavior expression of the contour map of shear strain on the cross section.

Finite-difference method-single-shot record method is applied to forward-model kink-band models. Based on the analysis of forward modeling results and the features of seismic images response to the various kink-band belt models, the conclusions are summarized as follow. 1) In the seismic profile, kink-band belt is characterized by the substantial width of low-reflectivity, low-signal-to-noise zone and their sub-parallel edges in cross section, which are different from the features of the fault structure. 2) Their orientations at a high angle to layering can impact on the seismic imaging efforts. 3) Steeply or nearly vertical dipping bedding in the kink-band belt often misguide the reflection interface tracking by some overvalued and other false information. These results can provide first references for interpretation of the seismic profiles, such as identifying structural type, and distinguishing the fault from the kink-band.

Based on structural geometries, kinematic observations, and sand-box simulation results, the new interpretation explains that the Bachu fold belt in the Tarim basin is composed of detachment folds flanked by various-scale kink bands primarily unassociated with faulting. The Bachu antiform belt is characterized by the detachment fold. The detachment fold crests are bounded by kink bands, which are narrow zones of angularly folded strata. The substantial width of these kink bands, their sub-parallel edges in the outcrop cross-sections, and their orientation at a high angle to layering, as well as their organized spacing and conjugate geometry, support a kink-band interpretation. Application of sandbox models for tectonic simulate modeling regenerates kink-band development and evolution: wide-gentle detachment folding → tight detachment folding → fold pop-up → fault adjusting. The analog results strongly support that the kink-band is one of the structure types to form the Bachu fold zone.

Based on the review of rock mechanics theory and recent simulated experiment results, as well as sand-box simulation and seismic profile interpretation, the new interpretation explains that some uplifts/folds with high-angle deformation bands in the Tarim basin to be composed of folds flanked by megascopic-scale kink bands. The low-reflectivity, low-signal-tonoise zones seen in seismic profiles across the Bachu fold belt are poorly imaged sections of the folds that result from steeply dipping bedding in the kink bands. These fuzzy seismic zones show a substantial width in the seismic profile. According to the Maximum Effective of Moment Criterion (MEMC), the substantial width of these low reflectivity zones, their subparallel edges in cross section, and their orientation at a high angle to layering, as well as their organized spacing and the obtuse angle in the contraction direction of conjugate kink-bands, indicate that there are kink-band structures and kink-related folds in the Bachu uplift.

The Gyirong faulted basin, located in the northern slope of Himalayas, received over 300m thick sediments of lacustrine and fluvial facies scince late Miocene to early Pleistocene. Based on the analyses of the sedimentology, carbon-oxygen isotope and basin-controlling structures, integrated with previous studies of paleontology and palynology, this paper gave reconstructions on the controlling structures, sedimentary environment, climate changes and the evolutionary processes of this basin in the late Cenozoic. The coupling relationship between tectonic evolution and climate changes was also discussed. This study shows that the Gyirong basin underwent a evolution successively from a half-closed faulted lake basin in the early stage，to an open lake basin in the middle stage, and to a closed lake basin in the final stage.

A new model, assuming "material extrusion along the simple-shearing direction during deformation", based on three-dimensional deformation theory and transpression model, investigates the relationships between "material extrusion along shear direction" and emerging combinations of foliation-lineation orientations, switches of foliation or lineation orientations and three-dimensional kinematic vorticity in terms of finite strains. The analysis shows that the material extrusion along shear direction will work on structural fabric patterns in tectonites. In thinning deformation, if material extrusion along vertical direction (z) is less than that along shear direction (x) (a≤1), the vertical foliation-horizontal lineation develops for the lengthening / thinning shear deformation, and the combining-patterns of foliation-lineation are independent of kinematic vorticity number (ω_k). However, in case of a>1, i.e. widening / thinning shear deformation, structural fabric patterns of shear zone are determined by two factors, namely, kinematic vorticity number (ω_k) and shortening (k) parallel to y-axis. The implications of this study are differential orientations of stretching lineations might be formed in the same transport direction of a shear zone, particularly in high-strain zones, the orientation of stretching lineations is not necessarily shear-parallel to the simple-shear component during the three-dimensional deformation.

Zanda basin, located in the outhwestern Tibetan Plateau, was developed in the inner of Himalayas. The northeastern border of Zanda basin is the Ayila Rij yu thrust, while its northwestern boundary is the Qusum detachment fault. As the controlling structure, the southern Tibetan detachment system (STDS) formed the southwestern boundary of the Zanda basin. In the basin, there developed a series of Neogene strata, which can be divided into two segments. The lower segment is composed of interlayering fluvial and lake deposits, whereas the upper segment consists exclusively of lake sediments. The lower segment can be divided into three sedimentary cyclothems that is marked by the occurrence conglomerate. The lake deposits in the upper segment are almost composed of latilamina mudstone. The dominant tectonics controling the formation of the Zanda basin is extensional, but this basin experienced contraction perpendicular to the orogen at the same time.